Agregatno povpraševanje

V ekonomiji je agregatno povpraševanje (AD) ali domače končno povpraševanje (DFD) celotna količina povpraševanja za končne dobrine in storitve v ekonomiji ob danem času.^[1] To je povpraševanje za bruto domači proizvod države. Določa količino dobrin in storitev, ki bodo kupljene pri vseh mogočih cenah.^[2] Agregatno povpraševanje sestavljajo potrošniška potrošnja, investicije, poslovni in vladni izdatki ter neto izvoz.

Krivulja agregatnega povpraševanja je pogosto prikazana z realnim outputom na vodoravni osi in ravnjo cen na navpični osi. Čeprav je v teoriji usmerjena navzdol, Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu teorem kaže, da naklon krivulje ne more biti matematično izpeljan iz predpostavk o individualnem racionalnem vedenju.^[3]^[4] Namesto tega je krivulja agregatnega povpraševanja, ki je usmerjena navzdol, izvedena s pomočjo treh makroekonomskih predpostavk o delovanju trgov: Pigoujev učinek bogastva, Keynesov učinek obrestnih mer in Mundell–Flemingov učinek deviznih tečajev. Pigoujev učinek trdi, da višja raven cen implicira nižje realno bogastvo in tako nižjo potrošnjo ter tako nižjo agregatno povpraševano količino. Keynesov učinek trdi, da višja raven cen implicira nižjo realno ponudbo denarja in tako višje obrestne mere, zaradi ravnotežja finančnega trga, kar tako vodi v nižjo investicijsko potrošnjo po fizičnem kapitalu in tako nižjo količino agregatno povpraševanih dobrin. Mundell-Flemingov učinek deviznega tečaja je razširitev IS-LM modela. Tradicionalni IS-LM model se ukvarja z zaprto ekonomijo, Mundell-Fleming pa opisuje majhno odprto ekonomijo. Mundell-Flemingov model opisuje kratkoročni odnos med nominalnim deviznim tečajem ekonomije, obrestno mero in outputom (za razliko od zaprte ekonomije v IS-LM modelu, ki se osredotoča samo na odnos med obrestno mero in outputom).

Sklici

↑ Sexton, Robert; Fortura, Peter (2005). Exploring Economics. ISBN 0-17-641482-7. This is the sum of the demand for all final goods and services in the economy. It can also be seen as the quantity of real GDP demanded at different price levels.
↑ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. str. 307. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 20. decembra 2016. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2020.
↑ Sonnenschein, Hugo; Shafer, Wayne (1982). »Chapter 14 Market demand and excess demand functions«. V Arrow, Kenneth J.; Intriligator, Michael D. (ur.). Market demand and excess demand functions. Handbook of Mathematical Economics. Handbook of Mathematical Economics. Zv. 2. str. 671–672. doi:10.1016/S1573-4382(82)02009-8. ISBN 9780444861276. The importance of the above results is clear: strong restrictions are needed in order to justify the hypothesis that a market demand function has the characteristics of a consumer demand function. Only in special cases can an economy be expected to act as an 'idealized consumer.' The utility hypothesis tells us nothing about market demand unless it is augmented by additional requirements.
↑ Chiappori, Pierre-André; Ekeland, Ivar (1999). »Aggregation and Market Demand: An Exterior Differential Calculus Viewpoint«. Econometrica. 67 (6): 1437. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00085. JSTOR 2999567. ...we establish that when the number of agents is at least equal to the number of goods, then any smooth enough function satisfying Walras's Law can be locally seen as the aggregate market demand of some economy, even when the distribution of income is imposed a priori.

[1] Sexton, Robert; Fortura, Peter (2005). Exploring Economics. ISBN 0-17-641482-7. This is the sum of the demand for all final goods and services in the economy. It can also be seen as the quantity of real GDP demanded at different price levels.

[2] O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. str. 307. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 20. decembra 2016. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2020.

[sonnenschein-shafer-3] Sonnenschein, Hugo; Shafer, Wayne (1982). »Chapter 14 Market demand and excess demand functions«. V Arrow, Kenneth J.; Intriligator, Michael D. (ur.). Market demand and excess demand functions. Handbook of Mathematical Economics. Handbook of Mathematical Economics. Zv. 2. str. 671–672. doi:10.1016/S1573-4382(82)02009-8. ISBN 9780444861276. The importance of the above results is clear: strong restrictions are needed in order to justify the hypothesis that a market demand function has the characteristics of a consumer demand function. Only in special cases can an economy be expected to act as an 'idealized consumer.' The utility hypothesis tells us nothing about market demand unless it is augmented by additional requirements.

[chiappori-ekeland-4] Chiappori, Pierre-André; Ekeland, Ivar (1999). »Aggregation and Market Demand: An Exterior Differential Calculus Viewpoint«. Econometrica. 67 (6): 1437. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00085. JSTOR 2999567. ...we establish that when the number of agents is at least equal to the number of goods, then any smooth enough function satisfying Walras's Law can be locally seen as the aggregate market demand of some economy, even when the distribution of income is imposed a priori.

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